Meta-análisis de la escala de capital intelectual: implicaciones para hacer frente a la pandemia del COVID-19

Introducción: la medición del capital intelectual como activo intangible se ha establecido a partir de una escala de seis dimensiones relacionada con formación, academia, laboral, profesional, sindical y organizativa. La pandemia ha generado estudios que muestran diferencias significativas entre estas dimensiones, abriendo la discusión sobre la validez metaanalítica. Objetivo: realizar una revisión documental, sistemática y metaanalítica, con una muestra de artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2021 en revistas indexadas en repositorios internacionales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio documental, sistemático y metaanalítico sobre una muestra de artículos publicados en repositorios internacionales en los últimos dos años. Se utilizó la Escala de Capital Intelectual, considerando sus dimensiones reportadas en la literatura. Resultados: se estableció la estructura y los umbrales de los efectos aleatorios, calculados mediante la ecuación para establecer el parámetro delta, considerando sus intervalos de confianza para la corrección de errores de muestreo y estimación, así como las diferencias entre grupos. Conclusión: se recomienda extender la revisión de la literatura hasta agosto de 2021, para poder contrastar ambas revisiones, y establecer así la validez metaanalítica de la escala, y discutir sus implicaciones en la era COVID-19.

Introduction: the measurement of intellectual capital as an intangible asset has been established from a scale of six dimensions related to training, academia; labor, professional, union, and organizational. The pandemic has generated studies that show significant differences between these dimensions, opening the discussion on meta-analytic validity. Objective: to carry out a documentary, systematic and meta-analytical review with a sample of articles published from 2014 to 2021 in journals indexed in international repositories. Materials and methods: a documentary, systematic and meta-analytical study was carried out on a sample of articles published in international repositories in the last two years. The Intellectual Capital Scale was used, considering its dimensions reported in the literature. Results: the structure and thresholds of the random effects were established, calculated by means of the equation to establish the delta parameter, considering their confidence intervals for correction of sampling and estimation errors, as well as differences between groups. Conclusion: it is recommended to extend the review of the literature until August 2021 in order to be able to contrast both reviews to establish the meta-analytic validity of the scale and discuss its implications in the COVID-19 era.

Factores socioafectivos y su influencia en la actividad sexual de adolescentes / Socioemotional Factors and Their Influence on Sexual Activity Among Adolescents / Fatores socioafetivos e sua influência na atividade sexual de adolescentes

durante la adolescencia se adquieren conocimientos y se desarrollan actitudes hacia el sexo, la anticoncepción y la reproducción, aspectos que influirán en el comportamiento sexual que repercute directamente en la calidad de vida. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los factores sociales y emocionales asociados al inicio de la actividad sexual, así como sus consecuencias como el embarazo y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional de una muestra de 1191 estudiantes de secundaria que recibieron cuestionarios sobre factores socioemocionales e iniciación sexual. Los datos se procesaron mediante estadística descriptiva y la prueba chi-cuadrado de Pearson para determinar la asociación entre los factores evaluados. Resultados: la tasa de inicio de la actividad sexual entre los adolescentes fue del 45 %, de los cuales el 14 % utilizaba protección. El 88,8 % de los adolescentes dice recibir apoyo de los padres, el 39 % acepta tratos violentos en el hogar y el 47 % tuvo una madre adolescente embarazada, entre otros aspectos. Conclusiones: existe una relación significativa (con p < 0.05) entre los factores socioemocionales de género, proyectos de vida, actividades extracurriculares, apoyo de los padres, violencia intrafamiliar y maltrato, con respecto a las madres con antecedente de embarazo precoz e inicio de la actividad sexual en la adolescencia.

During adolescence, knowledge is acquired and attitudes toward sex, contraception, and reproduction are developed, aspects that will influence sexual behavior, which has a direct impact on quality of life. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the social and emotional factors associated with the onset of sexual activity and its consequences, such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted dis-eases, among adolescents and young adults. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and cor-relational study involving 1,191 high school students was conducted. A questionnaire containing questions on socio-emotional factors and sexual initiation was administered. Data were processed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test to determine the association between the evaluated factors. Results:The initiation rate of sexual activity among adolescents was 45%, of whom 14% used protection. However, 88.8% of the adolescents received parental support, 39% accepted violent treatment at home, and 47% had a pregnant adolescent mother, among other aspects. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the socio-emotional factors of sex, life projects, extracurricular activities, parental support, intra-family violence, and mistreatment. Having a mother with a history of early pregnancy is associated with the onset of sexual activity among adolescents.

durante a adolescência, são adquiridos conhecimentos e desenvolvidas atitudes em relação ao sexo, contracepção e reprodução, aspectos que irão influenciar o comportamento sexual que afeta diretamente a qualidade de vida. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores sociais e emocionais associados ao início da atividade sexual, bem como suas consequências, como a gravidez e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em adolescentes e jovens adultos. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal e correlacional em uma amostra de 1191 estudantes do ensino médio que rece-beram questionários sobre fatores socioemocionais e iniciação sexual. Os dados foram processados por meio de estatística descritiva e teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para determinar a associação entre os fatores avaliados. Resultados: a taxa de início da atividade sexual entre os adolescentes foi de 45%, dos quais 14% utilizavam proteção. 88,8% dos adolescentes afirmaram receber apoio dos pais, 39% recebem tratamento violento em casa e 47% têm mãe adolescente grávida, entre outros aspectos. Conclusões: existe uma relação significativa com p < 0,05 entre os fatores socioemocionais de gênero, projetos de vida, atividades extracurriculares, apoio parental, violência doméstica e maus-tratos. Mães com histó-rico de gravidez precoce e início da atividade sexual na adolescência.

Cáncer de mama en hombres: revisión de casos en el Hospital Regional de Talca / Breast cancer in men: review of cases at "Hospital Regional de Talca"

Breast cancer in men is a rare pathology. The most common clinical presentation is a palpable and painless retroareolar nodule. In men, it is a rare pathology, there are few studies on the matter, where breast cancer trials frequently exclude men. Objective: to present the incidence of breast cancer in men from the "Regional Hospital of Talca" Method: Retrospective and descriptive study of cases of breast cancer in men who have been treated and followed up in the Breast Pathology Unit of the Regional Hospital of Talca from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021.Results: There were 9 cases of breast cancer in men. Average age at diagnosis was 63 years, all patients were 50 years of age or older. One hundred percent of patients consulted for a self-palpable breast nodule. Average size on physical examination was 30 mm. The most frequent histology was invasive ductal carcinoma (56%), followed by invasive tubular carcinoma (22%) and ductal carcinoma in situ (11%). Immunohistochemistry was 100% positive for estrogen and progesterone receptor. Surgery in 56% of cases was total mastectomy with axillary dissection, and in 33% it was total mastectomy alone. 4 patients underwent adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy, and just one required a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. During follow-up, only 2 patients died. Conclusion. Breast cancer in men is not very prevalent and the management is extrapolated from large studies in women, we believe that it is essential to have studies in male patients, to really have clarity on the behavior and evolution of the disease.

Gobernanza de responsabilidad de salud en una ciudad del centro de Mexico / governance of health responsibility in a town in central Mexico

En términos generales, la promoción del autocuidado obedece a las pautas de las organizaciones internacionales que buscan reducir el gasto social en atención médica, pero con énfasis en la responsabilidad personal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es discutir esta fórmula, estableciendo un modelo para el estudio del fenómeno. Se realizó un trabajo documental con una selección no probabilística de fuentes indexadas a repositorios nacionales, considerando la inclusión de conceptos: "salud política", "programas de atención médica","estrategias de prevención"y"autocuidado". Se sugieren líneas de investigación sobre la extensión del modelo(AU)

Gross mode, the promotion of self-care obeys the guidelines of international organizations that seek to reduce social spending in medical care, but with the emphasis on personal responsibility. Te objective of the present work is to discuss this formula, establishing a model for the study of the phenomenon. A documentary work was done with a non - probabilistic selection of sources indexed to national repositories, considering publication, and the inclusion of concepts "health policy", "health care programs", "prevention strategies" and "self-care". Tere are lines of investigation concerning the extension of the model(AU9

modo bruto, a promoção do autocuidado obedece às diretrizes das organizações internacionais que buscam reduzir os gastos sociais na assistência médica, mas com ênfase na responsabilidade pessoal. O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir essa fórmula, estabelecendo um modelo para o estudo do fenômeno. Um trabalho documental foi realizado com uma seleção não - probabilística de fontes indexadas a repositórios nacionais, considerando a publicação, ea inclusão de conceitos "política de saúde", "programas de atenção à saúde", "estratégias de prevenção" e "autocuidado". Existem linhas de investigação sobre a extensão do modelo(AU)

El bop deTepantitla: ensayo histórico y artístico / The bop of Tepantitla: a historical and artistic essay

El bop de Tepantitla son representaciones pictóricas de los glifos de teopixqui y de tlancopinalitztli, ambos se encuentran en el mismo muro de Tepantitla en Teotihuacán, México.‡ Unas de sus representaciones artísticas, en la obra del pintor mexicano conocido como Jazzamoart, se tienen a partir del predominio de los colores vivos y de los instrumentos musicales. Sin embargo, el propósito de este ensayo es el de dar a conocer a la comunidad odontológica y compartir estos dos óleos a partir de la práctica dental mostrada en ellos (AU)

The bop of Tepantitla is pictorial representations of the teopixqui and tlancopinalitztli glyphs, from the Tepantitla wall of Teotihuacan, Mexico. One of their Mexican artistic representations, which is found in Jazzamoart work, merely refers to a great variety of the fl amboyant colors and represents musical instruments. Whereas, the purpose of this issue is to let known and sharing the referential dental practice revealed into these couple canvas to the dentistry community (AU)

Evaluación de la integridad del ADN espermático y su repercusión en los parámetros seminales de varones infértiles / Evaluation of the integrity of sperm DNA and its impact on the seminal parameters of infertile males

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar las repercusiones del daño al ADN espermático en los parámetros seminales más estudiados en diagnóstico clínico de varones infértiles. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, prospectivo y comparativo efectuado en pacientes masculinos atendidos en el Centro Integral de la Mujer y Reproducción Asistida de Puebla, México. Parámetros de estudio: edad, movilidad, morfología, diagnóstico seminal, leucocitos y factor de infertilidad. Los resultados se analizaron con Graphpad Prisma 5.0 y se consideraron estadísticamente significativos con p < 0.005. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 110 pacientes: 33 con mala integridad del ADN espermático (grupo 1) y 77 con buena integridad (grupo 2). La concentración espermática y la movilidad tipo A+B en el grupo 2 fue significativamente más alta que en el grupo 1 (p < 0.0001) en donde se registró mayor número de móviles no progresivos e inmóviles. La morfología normal fue más alta en el grupo 2 (p = 0.0063). En los varones menores de 40 años se observó un número significativamente mayor de casos de buena integridad espermática (p = 0.013). El diagnóstico seminal demostró que los varones con mala integridad tuvieron alteraciones espermáticas más severas. Los factores de infertilidad más frecuentes implicados en ambos grupos fueron: aborto de repetición, edad de la pareja, falla previa en la técnica de reproducción asistida, factor masculino severo y factor tubárico. CONCLUSIONES: La mala integridad del ADN espermático tiene repercusiones en la concentración espermática, movilidad y morfología, además de alterar el diagnóstico seminal, pues los varones tuvieron trastornos más severos cuando no hubo algún factor de infertilidad que describiera un comportamiento específico relacionado con la mala integridad espermática.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of sperm DNA damage on the most studied seminal parameters in clinical diagnosis of infertile males. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective and comparative case-control study that included male patients seen at Centro Integral de la Mujer y Reproducción Asistida de Puebla, Mexico. Study parameters: age, mobility, morphology, seminal diagnosis, leukocytes and infertility factor. The results were analyzed with Graphpad Prism 5.0 and were considered statistically significant with p < 0.005. RESULTS: 110 male patients were studied: 33 patients with poor sperm DNA integrity (group 1) and 77 patients with good integrity (group 2). Sperm concentration and type A + B mobility in group 2 was significantly higher than in group 1 (p <0.0001), where a greater number of non-progressive and immobile mobiles was recorded. The normal morphology was higher in group 2 (p = 0.0063). In men under 40 years of age, a significantly higher number of cases of good sperm integrity was observed (p = 0.013). The seminal diagnosis showed that males with poor integrity had more severe sperm alterations. The most frequent infertility factors involved in both groups were: repeat abortion, age of the couple, previous failure in the technique of assisted reproduction, severe male factor and tubal factor. CONCLUSIONS: The poor integrity of the sperm DNA has repercussions on sperm concentration, mobility and morphology, alters the seminal diagnosis, since males had more severe alterations when there was no infertility factor that described a specific behavior related to poor sperm integrity.

El cráneo de la mirada mágica y dentadura de jade / The skull of the magic glimpse and its jade teeth

Se presentan dos esculturas prehispánicas de la cultura azteca, la primera en forma de cráneo a la cual se le tallaron y colocaron ojos de diferentes tipos de piedra, también una dentadura completa y bien alineada hecha de jade. En la zona del occipital se distingue el grabado de un rey desconocido, el cual porta un arete, un penacho y un cetro. La segunda escultura es una charola de piedra tallada con incrustaciones de piedras preciosas de jade y rubí que muestra la imagen del mismo rey sostenida por tres personajes parcialmente desdentados padeciendo de dolor dental. Estos eventos demuestran la importancia de la salud bucal en la población prehispánica, particularmente en la cultura azteca, al igual que la relevancia de los aspectos mágicos y religiosos en torno a la muerte.

It is described a couple prehispanic carved solid stone sculptures of theAztec culture, the fi rst one with a human skull shape, with carved andmounted stone eyes, as well as a complete and fi ne lined jade denture.It is also remarked on its occipital area a fi gure of carved unknownking, wearing a mobile stone earring, a feather cap, and a cane. Thesecond stone sculpture is a carved stone plate with jade and ruby carvedmounted stones. This sculpture also shows the same mentioned kingimage, which is supported by three no complete dental (toothless) maleservants, that resemble the three men suff ering dental discomfort. Thesecouple sculpture pieces show the magical and religious aspects of themighty importance of the death to the Aztecs.

Superparamagnetic Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3 hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Background: The progress in material science and the recent advances in biodegradable/biocompatible polymers and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have led to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diseases based on multifunctional nanoparticles, which include contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, agent for hyperthermia and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. The aim of this work is to synthesize and characterize superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetite), and to encapsulate them into poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Results: The magnetite nanoparticles were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and exhibited a size of 22.3 ± 8.8 nm measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polymeric PHBV nanoparticles loaded with magnetite (MgNPs) were analyzed using dynamic light scattering and showed a size of 258.6 ± 35.7 nm and a negative zeta potential (-10.8 ± 3.5 mV). The TEM examination of MgNPs exhibited a spherical core-shell structure and the magnetic measurements showed in both, non-encapsulated magnetite and MgNPs, a superparamagnetic performance. Finally, the in vitro studies about the magnetic retention of MgNPs in a segment of small intestine of rats showed an active accumulation in the region of the magnetic field. Conclusions: The results obtained make the MgNPs suitable as potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, also promoting hyperthermia and even as potential nanocarriers for site-specific transport and delivery of drugs.

Mycoplasmateceae species are not found in fallopian tubes of women with tubo-peritoneal infertility

BACKGROUND: The role of mycoplasmas on the development and sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease remains controversial. The objective of the present study is to correlate directly the presence of Mycoplasmateceae through polimerase chain reaction (PCR) determinations in cervix and Fallopian tubes of infertile patients with tubo-peritoneal factor diagnosed through laparoscopy. METHODS: Thirty patients with tubo-peritoneal infertility and 30 normal fertile patients were included in the study; cervical samples and tubal flushings were obtained during laparoscopy. PCR determinations for the detection of genetic material of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis in cervix and tubal flushings were performed. RESULTS: No Mycoplasmataceae species as "only" microorganisms were found in tubal flushings of tubo-peritoneal infertility patients, whereas three (10%) fertile patients with normal tubes were positive for mycoplasma presence. This difference was not significant (p = 0.237). Among the 30 patients suffering from tubal infertility diagnosed through laparoscopy, Mycoplasmatecae species were not detected in the Fallopian tubes by PCR determinations, while in normal tubes from fertile patients these and other microorganisms could be found without distorting tubal anatomy. CONCLUSION: Mycoplasmateceae species were not detected in Fallopian tubes of women with tubo-peritoneal infertility.

Transmisión del tomato Venezuela virus por Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), en Maracaibo, Venezuela / Transmission of tomato Venezuela virus by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in Maracaibo, Venezuela

The biological transmission of Tomato Venezuela virus (ToVEV) by biotype B of the whitefly species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) increased (21.7-95.0 percent), and the time for symptom expression decreased (16-12.6 days) as the number of viruliferous whiteflies allowed access for inoculation to susceptible tomato plants increased from 1 to 20 adults/plant. When acquired only as a nymph, adults of this biotype transmitted the virus to 88.3 percent of susceptible tomato plants, using 15 viruliferous individuals per test plant, corroborating the circulative nature of the transmission. Disease incidence further increased (up to 100 percent) when the individuals were allowed to feed again on a virusinfected plant as adults. Leaf area, plant height and dry matter were significantly affected in ToVEV infected tomato plants.

Eficacia de una intervención para incrementar apoyo social en adolescentes discapacitados motores a partir del voluntaria dode estudiantes de educación secundaria / Effectiveness of an intervention to increase social support in motor disabled adolescents from volunteering students of secondary education

Esta investigación versa sobre la necesidad de los adolescentes discapacitados motores de incrementar sus relaciones sociales y cómo por medio de un programa de voluntariado inducido, otros adolescentes pueden prestarleses a ayuda. Los participantes fueron treinta adolescentes discapacitados motores (20 mujeres y 10 hombres) y 35 adolescentes no discapacitados voluntarios (27 mujeresy 8 hombres) que cursaban Educación Secundaria. Los análisis compararon la competencia social, el autoconcepto general, el autoconcepto social y el apoyo social percibido por los adolescentes con discapacidad motora antes y después de su participación en el programa, hallándose un incremento de las puntuaciones en todas estas variables. También se analizaron los cambios que el grupo de adolescentes voluntarios experimentaron en autoconcepto social y en valores de amistad y compañerismo tras la intervención, no hallándose diferencias en sus puntuaciones. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo una evaluación cualitativa del impacto que el programa tuvo sobre los discapacitados y sus familias, encontrándose que todos estaban satisfechos con su participación en la experiencia. Para finalizar, se discute el valor del voluntariado inducido como herramienta de ayuda para colectivos desfavorecidos, así como su valor educativo para promover valores y comportamientos prosociales en adolescentes.

This research addresses the need of adolescents with motor disabilities to increase their social relationships and how through induced volunteerism peers can provide that assistance. Participants were 30 motor disabled adolescents (20 males and 10 females) and 35 nondisabled volunteer adolescents (27 females and 8 males), all of them high school students in Spain. Analyses compare social competence, general self-concept, social selfconceptand social support perceived by motor disabled adolescents both before and after their participation on the program. Results show that they have improved their scores in all these variables. A further analysis compares the changes that a group of voluntary adolescents experienced in the variables of social self-concept and values of friendship and partnership both before and after the intervention, with the result that they did not increase their scores. Additionally, a qualitative assessment was carried out of the repercussions of the program on the disabled adolescents and their families, with the result that they were all glad to participate in this experience. Finally, we discuss the value of induced volunteering as a tool to help disadvantaged people, as well as its educational value to promote prosocial behavior in adolescents.

Tubos de extensión: una opción para la fotografía clínica / Extension tubes: a choice for clinical photography

La elección de un aditamento aditamento para la fotografía de acercamiento clínico en odontología puede resultar difícil, ya que el costo de algunos de ellos puede resultar poco accesible, tanto económicamente como su disponibilidad. Se propone el uso de los tubos de extensión así como su funcionamiento. Los cuales ofrecen excelentes resultados, fáciles de utilizar y con un costo bastante accesible. Siendo otra opción en macrofotografía clínica.

Osteoma del seno frontal: presentación de un caso / Osteoma of the right frontal sine: case report

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 33 años de edad, blanca, con antecedentes de salud anterior, que fue diagnosticada y operada en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Provincial de Ciego de Ávila, por un osteoma del seno frontal derecho sin exteriorización que tuvo una evolución satisfactoria después del tratamiento quirúrgico. Aprovechamos lo relativamente poco frecuente del caso para realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema, haciendo énfasis en la técnica quirúrgica.

It is presented a case of a white- 33-year-old woman, with previous health antecedents, that was diagnosed and operated in the otolaryngology service of the Provincial Hospital of Ciego de Ávila, from an osteoma of the right frontal sine without exteriorization that had a satisfactory evolution after the surgical treatment. It was taken advantage of the relative little frequence of the case to carry out a bibliographical revision of the theme, doing emphasis in the surgical technique.

Clasificación de la maloclusión en los planos anteroposterior, vertical y transversal / Classification of malocclusion in the anteroposterior, vertical and transversal planes

Se presenta una revisión de las clasificaciones de maloclusión más comunes. La clasificación de Angle, y de Ackerman y Proffit, sus ventajas y desventajas. Se revisan las características más importantes en el diagnóstico de las maloclusiones en los planos anteroposterior, vertical y transversal del espacio. Se propone un cuadro fácil y práctico de llenar en el diagnóstico de la maloclusión.

Síntomas depresivos en el embarazo y factores asociados, en pacientes de tres instituciones de salud de la ciudad de México

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: Background Depression is a frequent condition in pregnancy, at least as frequent as it is among non-pregnant women. Studies on its prevalence show rates from 2% to 21% of major depression and 8% to 31% of depressive symptomatology. In Mexico, a prevalence of 22% has been estimated on the basis of a self-report scale. Risk factors for depression in pregnancy include previous history of depression, parental separation during childhood, single mother-hood, not wishing to be pregnant, lack of social support and low educational attainment. Objective Due to the consequences of depression on pregnancy and to the scarce studies available in Mexico, the aim of this study was to examine the presence of depression in pregnant women as well as the risk factors associated with the latter. Material and methods Three hundred pregnant women receiving ante-natal care were interviewed in the waiting rooms of three institutions (one third level hospital, a health center and a clinic specializing in women). The instrument included a scale of depression (CES-D) and the following risk factors: previous depression symptoms, parental separation before the age of 11, possible depression and problem-atic alcohol consumption in expectant motliers parents, unplanned pregnancy and lack of social support. Results A total of 30.7% of the interviewees showed significant depressive symptomatology (CES-D > 16). Fifty-nine percent mentioned having suffered from depressive symptomatology in the past. Some degree of disability in the past month was reported by 19% of those that mentioned depression symptoms. The mean number of days they stopped performing their everyday activities was 11.21 (SD = 10.68) with a range of 1 to 30 days. Seven women (21.2%) stated that they could not engage in their activities because of their depression every single day of the past month. As for suicidal ideation at any time in their lives, the following symptoms were displayed: half said that they had thought a great deal about death, a quarter said that they had wanted to die, nearly a fifth had intended to take their own life and 7.7% had injured themselves in order to take their own lives. During the previous month, the frequency of these behaviors had considerably declined, almost to zero, and only "thinking frequently about death" was common (18%). The variables associated with depression symptoms (CES-D) were: previous symptoms of depression (t = -4-40, p > 0.000), separation from the father before the age of 11 (t = -2.68; p > 0.008), possible depression in mother (t = -3.24, p > 0.001), possible depression in father (t = -2.41, p > 0.016), problematic alcohol consumption in father (t= -2.23, p > 0.040), unplanned pregnancy (t=-2.43, p>0-015), lack of emotional social support (t = 2.87, p > 0.005) and lack of practical social support (t = 2.94, p > 0.005). The evaluation of a risk model of these factors on depressive symptomatology through logistic regression (with the step-by-step method) showed that the following variables were significant: possible depression in the mother (of the expec-tant mother) which increases the risk of displaying depression in pregnancy 0.8 times, previous depressive symptomatology, which increases it 1.08 times, lack of practical social support, which increases it 1.71 times and not having a partner, which increases it 1.51 times. Discussion and conclusions The results, as regards mental health, showed that depressive symptoms occured in nearly a third of pregnant women; this percentage is higher than the 22% found in Mexico in previous studies. Although this symptomatology does not necessarily meet the criteria for major depression, it has been considered to be of sufficient clinical importance, as it has been associated with disability, psychiatric and physical co-morbidity; demand for treat-ment for and risk of future depression and in this case, with post-partum depression. A fifth of the subjects displayed more serious symptomatology in terms of disability, as the women mentioned not being able to engage in their everyday activities, working or studying. The mean number of days in which they were unable to carry out their activities was eleven during the previous month. This data suggests that this population with greater pathology should be detected and referred for specialized mental care by antenatal care services. Suicidal ideation during the previous month decreased considerably, in comparison with that reported at any time in theit lives, which agrees with reports that state that self-damaging behaviors and suicide attempts tend to be very low during pregnancy. As for pathological antecedents, 59% considered that they had suffered from depressive symptomatology in the past, in addition to having experienced suicidal ideation to varying degrees. It is significant that nearly 8% had previously attempted suicide. Both, previous depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation in the past, were associated with current depression symptoms in the expectant mother, as has been reported in other countries. Unplanned pregnancy was also related to depression (CES-D). As literature suggests, not wishing to be pregnant is related to this disorder and although not planning a pregnancy is not synonymous with not wishing for it, according to these data, lack of planning also increases depressive symptoms. Among childhood situations, parental separation or loss of the father before the age of 11 was a significant variable as regards symptomatology in pregnancy; this was similar to what other authors have reported. Separation from the mother was not related to these symptoms, contrary to what other studies have reported in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. Adversity in childhood in the form of parents' mental pathology or substance use has been associated with depression among the general population. The results obtained here show a significant relationship between problematic alcohol consumption in the father and possible depression in the mother or father -as perceived by the interviewee herself- and depression symptoms in the expectant mother. During pregnancy and above all, post-partum, women have a real need to receive both emotional and practical support. This study, like others showed that the lack of this support increased the risk of depression. The construction of a model with some of these variables showed that being a single or divorced mother, having had a mother who may have been depressed, having displayed depressive symptoms in the past and the lack of practical support increased the risk of depressive symptomatology. By way of a conclusion, one can say that although there are similarities between depression in pregnancy and at other moments in women's lives, its presence during this period is particu-larly important due to the new demands the woman has to cope with and the adverse effects it has on the development of pregnancy, and the high risk of experiencing depression during the post-partum. Designing intervention programs for expectant mothers could have an enormous effect on improving the mental health of mothers and their babies, a reason why it is important to take into account the risk factors described in this study.

Rehabilitación en lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior / Rehabilitation in the posterior cruciate ligament injuries

En los últimos años ha mejorado el conocimiento de la biomecánica, función y la historia natural de las lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior. En lesiones agudas aisladas donde se propende por el tratamiento conservador es importante una adecuada fisioterapia y establecer las mejores condiciones de cicatrización de la cápsula y del ligamento. En lesiones combinadas y/o en tratamiento postquirúrgico es fundamental un adecuado programa de rehabilitación para proteger la cicatrización de las estructuras reparadas. El enfoque dado a la rehabilitación en lesiones del LCP debe ser más conservador que el usado después de la reconstrucción del LCA y con criterios diferentes. El fortalecimiento del cuadriceps es la base de la rehabilitación. Deben disminuirse las posibilidades de aplicar tensión bionegativa, evitando la acción de la gravedad y la contracción de los músculos Isquiotibiales. Por esta razón los ejercicios deben realizarse inicialmente en decúbito prono y la flexión de la rodilla debe ser estrictamente pasiva.

La imagen digital aplicada a la clínica de ortodoncia / Digital imaging applied to the orthodontic clinic

La fotografía digital está en constante desarrollo; su utilidad ha sido probada y aplicada en todas las áreas de la medicina. Su empleo en la odontología y sus especialidades se aplican tanto en la clínica privada como en universidades e instituciones de salud. La fotografía digital se ha convertido en una herramienta necesaria para la clínica dental; de ahí su importancia. En este artículo se menionan términos básicos de la fotografía numérica digital, así como tipos de equipos utilizados y su técnica en ortodoncia y odontología

Contribution of food availability to the more rapid growth of the scallop, Euvola ziczac (Pteroida, Pectinidae) in bottom than in suspended culture

We conducted a 5-month experiment at Turpialito in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela, to examine whether the previously reported more rapid growth of scallop Euvola ziczac in bottom compared to suspended culture can be attributed to more abundant or higher quality food resources near the sediment/water interface. The various body components (shell, muscle, digestive gland, gonad and remaining tissues) increased in size at a much greater rate for scallops maintained on the bottom, in partly buried cages at 5 m in depth, than in cages suspended at the same depth in the water column. Furthermore, survival was greater on the bottom. Food abundance and quality were examined by analyzing the seston collected in sediment traps at the sediment/water interface in the vicinity of the bottom cages and next to the suspended cages. Phytoplankton abundance (chlorophyll a) and the proportion of various fatty acids in the lipid fraction of the seston were similar on the bottom and in suspension. However, sestonic protein, lipid and carbohydrate levels, and the estimated energetic content of the seston, were higher on the bottom than in suspension, and probably contributed to the greater growth on the bottom. As the increase in the energetic content of the seston on the bottom compared to in suspension was less than the increase in growth (biomass) on the bottom compared to in suspension, and the evidence showed in previous studies above the negative influence of fouling and wave action in suspended culture, we conclude that the more rapid growth of Euvola ziczac in bottom than suspended culture is principally due to stress relative to suspended culture system

En defensa del idioma español / In defense of the Spanish language

Hoy en día la influencia de anglicismos en nuestro idioma es cada día mayor, no sólo en el lenguaje coloquial, sino también en el lenguaje médico y odontológico. El uso de estos anglicismos se debe a un esnobismo y/o sentimiento de inferioridad hacia el idioma inglés, dañando nuestro idioma con palabras totalmente inadecuadas y algunas veces inexistentes en ambos idiomas. Se sugiere utilizar palabras en español, ya que la riqueza de nuestro idioma generalmente no requiere de anglicismos

Calibración del punto de corte para la escala de depresión perinatal de Edinburgh, en pacientes obstétricas del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología

Objetivo: Calibrar el instrumento de Depresión Perinatal de Edinburgh (EPDS) y determinar el punto de corte que muestre el mejor equilibrio entre sensibilidad y especificidad, para las pacientes que cursan el segundo y tercer trimestre de la gestación en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer). Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una investigación en la consulta externa del INPer, en una muestra de 264 pacientes, entre las semanas 13-40 de gestación, que aceptaron libre e informadamente participar en el estudio. Se aplicó la EPDS, así como la Escala de Automedición de la Depresión de Zung (EAMD). Los datos se analizaron mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS 10, utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: En relación con el punto de corte, se obtuvieron valores de .74 de sensibilidad y .83 de especificidad para un puntaje mayor o igual a 14, siendo éste el de mejor equilibrio entre sensibilidad y especificidad. La confiabilidad de los puntajes, obtenida mediante alfa de Cronbach fue de .8454, similar a los obtenidos en investigaciones previas. Se encontró que la prevalencia de "probable depresión perinatal" en las pacientes del Instituto, tomando en cuenta el punto de corte 14 en la EPDS y 44 en la EAMD, corresponde al 18.5%. Conclusiones: La EPDS demostró ser un instrumento confiable y válido para la detección de "probable depresión perinatal" en pacientes que cursan un embarazo entre las semanas 13 y 40. El punto de corte se incrementa en dos o tres puntos respecto investigaciones previas, así como la prevalencia respecto a la población abierta. Este parámetro puede ser de gran utilidad en la detección temprana de un probable episodio depresivo, lo que permitirá hacer las indicaciones pertinentes, evitando complicaciones futuras.

Objective: To measure the EPDS by determining the cutting-point which will determine the best equilibrium between sensibility and specificity on two to three months pregnancy patients at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer). Material and methods: An investigation was held at the INPer, on 264 external patients -with a 13 to 40 weeks pregnancy range- who freely accepted to participate after being fully informed of the scope of the research. EPDS and EAMD tests were given to them. The data was analyzed by means of the descriptive and inference statistics using the SPSS 10 Statistics package. Results: Sensibility values of .74 and specificity values of .83 were obtained for an equal or higher 14 points score, which is the best equilibrium between sensibility and specificity. The .8454 score reliability obtained by Cronbach Alpha was similar to the scores obtained during previous research. Taking into account the14 cutting-point on the EPDS and the 44 on the EAMD, a "probable perinatal depression" prevails on patients at the Institute. Conclusions: The EPDS scale proved to be a reliable and valid detection instrument for "probable perinatal depression" on patients with a 13 to 40 pregnancy range. With reference to previous research, the cutting-point is increased by 2 to 3 points and so is the prevalence in relation to any type of population. The early detection of a probable depressive episode, allows relevant warnings, thus avoiding future complications.